Kilder  - Miløjøpåvirkning av legemidler

Berg, J. P. (2024). Østrogener. I Store medisinske leksikon. https://sml.snl.no/%C3%B8strogener 

Bergersen, O., Hanssen, K. Ø., & Vasskog, T. (2012). Anaerobic treatment of sewage sludge containing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Bioresource Technology, 117, 325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.086 Brande-Lavridsen, N., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., & Korsgaard, B. (2008). Effects of prochloraz and ethinylestradiol on sexual development in Rana temporaria. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 309A(7), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.462 

Brande-Lavridsen N, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Korsgaard B. Effects of prochloraz and ethinylestradiol on sexual development in Rana temporaria. J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 2008 Aug 1;309(7):389-98. doi: 10.1002/jez.462. PMID: 18536001.

EFSA Scientific Committee, More, SJ et al. (2019). Guidance on harmonised methodologies for human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. EFSA Journal, 17(3), e05634. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5634 

EMA European Medicines Agency. (2024). Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal products for human use. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-environmental-risk-assessment-medicinal-products-human-use-revision-1_en.pdf 

European Commission. (2022). European Commission—Have your say [Text]. European Commission - Have Your Say. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0540 

Forskrift om rammer for vannforvaltningen - Lovdata (2007). https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2006-12-15-1446/ 

Galligan, TH. et al. (2014). Have population declines in Egyptian Vulture and Red-headed Vulture in India slowed since the 2006 ban on veterinary diclofenac? Bird Conservation International, 24(03), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270913000580 

Galligan, TH. et al. (2020). Partial recovery of Critically Endangered Gyps vulture populations in Nepal. Bird Conservation International, 30(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270919000169 

Grung, M., Källqvist, T., Sakshaug, S., Skurtveit, S., & Thomas, K. V. (2008). Environmental assessment of Norwegian priority pharmaceuticals based on the EMEA guideline. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 71(2), 328–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.015 

Grung, M., Vogelsang, C., Schwermer, C. U., Helgerud, T. C., Espvik, H. J., Raasok, C., & Gravningen, K. M. (2023). Resultater fra overvåking av legemidler i avløpsvann fra et sykehus og gjennom et avløpsrenseanlegg – tilstedeværelse og ­miljørisiko, 2019-2022. Vann, 4, 164–189. 

Hallberg, E., & Boll, K. (2024). Self-declarations of environmental classification at fass.se: Experiences from the reviewing process 2022. IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ivl:diva-4333 

Helgerud, T. C. (2014). Nytt sykehus, ny påslippstillatelse. Vann, 03, 401–402. 

Helwig, K., Niemi, L., Stenuick, J.-Y., Alejandre, J. C., Pfleger, S., Roberts, J., Harrower, J., Nafo, I., & Pahl, O. (2024). Broadening the Perspective on Reducing Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(3), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5563 

Herrero-Villar M et al. (2021). First diclofenac intoxication in a wild avian scavenger in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 782, 146890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146890 

Kloka listan. (u.å.). [Text]. Hentet 22. oktober 2024, fra https://klokalistan.se Kortenkamp, A. (2023). Distinctions between similarly and dissimilarly acting mixture components unnecessarily complicate mixture risk assessments: Implications for assessing low dose mixture exposures. Current Opinion in Toxicology, 35, 100418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2023.100418 

Langford, K. H., & Thomas, K. V. (2009). Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital effluents and their contribution to wastewater treatment works. Environment international, 35(5), 766–770. 

Larsson, D. G. J., de Pedro, C., & Paxeus, N. (2007). Effluent from drug manufactures contains extremely high levels of pharmaceuticals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148(3), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008 

Linder, E., Wettermark, B., Ovesjö, M.-L., Sporrong, S. K., & Ramström, H. (2023). Knowledge support for environmental information on pharmaceuticals: Experiences among Swedish Drug and Therapeutics Committees. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09646-7 

Maes, H. (2011). Fate of ethinylestradiol in the aquatic environment and the associated effects on organisms of different trophic levels [Aachen University]. http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/82686/files/3867.pdf 

Mattson, B. (2015). Environmental classification of APIs. http://lif.se/contentassets/f71a626a8c5746dfbddfe3e23f17ad32/environmental-classification-of-apis-on-fass-se.pdf 

Miljö och läkemedel—Informationsmaterial—Janusinfo. (u.å.). Hentet 23. juni 2015, fra http://www.janusinfo.se/Beslutsstod/Miljo-och-lakemedel/informationsmaterial/ 

Norsk Vann. (2023, april 18). Revidert avløpsdirektiv. Norsk Vann. https://norskvann.no/avlopsrensing-og-miljo/revidert-avlopsdirektiv/ 

Oaks, J. L., Gilbert, M., Virani, M. Z., Watson, R. T., Meteyer, C. U., Rideout, B. A., Shivaprasad, H. L., Ahmed, S., Chaudhry, M. J. I., Arshad, M., Mahmood, S., Ali, A., & Khan, A. A. (2004). Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 427(6975), 630–633. 

OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. (u.å.). [Text]. Hentet 1. november 2024, fra https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd-guidelines-for-the-testing-of-chemicals_72d77764-en

O’Hagan, D. (2008). Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(2), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1039/B711844A 

Oldenkamp, R., Hamers, T., Wilkinson, J., Slootweg, J., & Posthuma, L. (2024). Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(3), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5535 

Olsen, K., Skoufa, I.I., Bakken, G.V., Hammer, T., Henjum, K., Granum, T., & Sharikabad, M.N. (2024). Legemiddelforbruket i Norge 2019-2023. https://www.fhi.no/contentassets/b0802ad9303347b682cf6a8fa701ec91/legemiddelforbruket-i-norge-2019-2023-rapport-2024.pdf 

Prakash, V., Galligan, T. H., Chakraborty, S. S., Dave, R., Kulkarni, M. D., Prakash, N., Shringarpure, R. N., Ranade, S. P., & Green, R. E. (2019). Recent changes in populations of Critically Endangered Gyps vultures in India. Bird Conservation International, 29(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270917000545 

Proposal for a revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive—European Commission. (u.å.). Hentet 18. oktober 2024, fra https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/proposal-revised-urban-wastewater-treatment-directive_en 

Scheurer, M., Nödler, K., Freeling, F., Janda, J., Happel, O., Riegel, M., Müller, U., Storck, F. R., Fleig, M., Lange, F. T., Brunsch, A., & Brauch, H.-J. (2017). Small, mobile, persistent: Trifluoroacetate in the water cycle – Overlooked sources, pathways, and consequences for drinking water supply. Water Research, 126, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.045 

Stanton, I. C., Tipper, H. J., Chau, K., Klümper, U., Subirats, J., & Murray, A. K. (2024). Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 43(3), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5498 

Sykehusinnkjøp HF. (2021). Revidert miljøpolicy for Sykehusinnkjøp HF. 

Thomas, K. V., Dye, C., Schlabach, M., & Langford, K. H. (2007). Source to sink tracking of selected human pharmaceuticals from two Oslo city hospitals and a wastewater treatment works. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 9(12), 1410. https://doi.org/10.1039/b709745j 

Vandenbergh, G. F., Adriaens, D., Verslycke, T., & Janssen, C. R. (2003). Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on sexual development of the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 54(2), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00030-1 

Vasskog, T., Anderssen, T., Pedersen-Bjergaard, S., Kallenborn, R., & Jensen, E. (2008). Occurrence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in sewage and receiving waters at Spitsbergen and in Norway. Journal of Chromatography A, 1185(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.063 

Welch, S. A., Moe, S. J., Sharikabad, M. N., Tollefsen, K. E., Olsen, K., & Grung, M. (2023). Predicting environmental risks of pharmaceuticals from wholesale data: An example from Norway. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 42(10), 2253–2270. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5702